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General comment No. 28:

第28号一般性意见：

Article 3 (The equality of rights between men and women){§1}

第三条(男女职权对等){§1}

Sixty-eighth session (2000)

第六十八届会议(2000年)

1. The Committee has decided to update its general comment on article 3 of the Covenant and to replace general comment No. 4 (thirteenth session， 1981)， in the light of the experience it has gathered in its activities over the last 20 years.

1. 委员会决定凭证当年20年行为中积存的教学更新对于《条约》第三条的一般性意见，并以此取代第4号一般性意见(1981年，第十三届会议)。

The present revision seeks to take account of the important impact of this article on the enjoyment by women of the human rights protected under the Covenant.

本次校恰是要顾及该条对妇女享受《条约》保护的东谈主权的要紧影响。

2. Article 3 implies that all human beings should enjoy the rights provided for in the Covenant， on an equal basis and in their totality.

2. 第三条意味着所有这个词东谈主应对等和齐全享受《条约》章程的职权。

The full effect of this provision is impaired whenever any person is denied the full and equal enjoyment of any right.

只消任何东谈主不周全部和对等享受任何职权，这项章程就无法充剖析析其效应。

Consequently， States should ensure to men and women equally the enjoyment of all rights provided for in the Covenant.

因此，列国应保证男女对等享有《条约》章程的所有这个词职权。

3. The obligation to ensure to all individuals the rights recognized in the Covenant， established in articles 2 and 3 of the Covenant， requires that States parties take all necessary steps to enable every person to enjoy those rights.

3. 《条约》第二和第三条章程的保证所有这个词东谈主享有《条约》承认的职权的义务要求缔约国采用一切必要要领，使每个东谈主能享有这些职权。

These steps include the removal of obstacles to the equal enjoyment of such rights， the education of the population and of State officials in human rights， and the adjustment of domestic legislation so as to give effect to the undertakings set forth in the Covenant.

这些要领包括扼杀影响对等享受这些职权的插手、对东谈主民和国度官员进行东谈主权教悔和调遣国内立法以履行凭证《条约》承诺的义务。

The State party must not only adopt measures of protection， but also positive measures in all areas so as to achieve the effective and equal empowerment of women.

缔约国必须不仅采用保护要领，也应在各鸿沟采用积极要领，对等有用地赋予妇女职权。

States parties must provide information regarding the actual role of women in society so that the Committee may ascertain what measures， in addition to legislative provisions， have been or should be taken to give effect to these obligations， what progress has been made， what difficulties are encountered and what steps are being taken to overcome them.

缔约国必须提供关系妇女在社会中的试验作用的贵府，以便委员会可详情除了立法章程外，为履行这些义务仍是采用和应该采用何种要领、已取得何种进展、遭受何种痛苦和为克服它们采用了何种要领。

4. States parties are responsible for ensuring the equal enjoyment of rights without any discrimination.

4. 缔约国有拖累保证刚正享受职权，不受任何恼恨。

Articles 2 and 3 mandate States parties to take all steps necessary， including the prohibition of discrimination on the ground of sex， to put an end to discriminatory actions， both in the public and the private sector， which impair the equal enjoyment of rights.

第二和第三条责成缔约国采用一切必要要领，包括拦阻基于性别的恼恨，制止公私营部门有损对等享受职权的恼恨步履。

5. Inequality in the enjoyment of rights by women throughout the world is deeply embedded in tradition， history and culture， including religious attitudes.

5. 全全国妇女在享受职权方面的不对等景象植根于传统、历史和文化之中，包括宗教派头。

The subordinate role of women in some countries is illustrated by the high incidence of prenatal sex selection and abortion of female foetuses.

产前性别弃取和堕女胎的情况许多讲明了妇女在有些国度的附属地位。

States parties should ensure that traditional， historical， religious or cultural attitudes are not used to justify violations of women’s right to equality before the law and to equal enjoyment of all Covenant rights.

缔约国应保证传统、历史、宗教或文化派头不被用作为借口，侵扰妇女在法律眼前对等的职权和对等享受所有这个词《条约》职权的职权。

States parties should furnish appropriate information on those aspects of tradition， history， cultural practices and religious attitudes which jeopardize， or may jeopardize， compliance with article 3， and indicate what measures they have taken or intend to take to overcome such factors.

缔约国应提供恰当贵府，讲明损伤或有可能损伤恪守第三条的传统、历史、文化习俗和宗教派头等各个方面并讲明仍是采用或野心采用何种要领克服这些身分。

6. In order to fulfil the obligation set forth in article 3， States parties should take account of the factors which impede the equal enjoyment by women and men of each right specified in the Covenant.

6. 为了履行第三条章程的义务，缔约国应试虑抑遏男女对等享受《条约》章程的每一项职权的身分。

To enable the Committee to obtain a complete picture of the situation of women in each State party as regards the implementation of the rights in the Covenant， this general comment identifies some of the factors affecting the equal enjoyment by women of the rights under the Covenant and spells out the type of information that is required with regard to these rights.

为了使委员会能全面了解每一缔约国在落实《条约》职权方面妇女的情况，本一般性意见指出了影响妇女对等享受《条约》章程的职权的一些身分并无情了需要何种类型的与这些职权关系的贵府。

7. The equal enjoyment of human rights by women must be protected during a state of emergency (art. 4).

7. 在紧要状态技艺，妇女对等享受东谈主权的职权必须得到保护(第四条)。

States parties which take measures derogating from their obligations under the Covenant in time of public emergency， as provided in article 4， should provide information to the Committee with respect to the impact on the situation of women of such measures and should demonstrate that they are non-discriminatory.

缔约国若是在全球紧要状态时凭证第四条采用要领，克减《条约》章程的义务，则应向委员会提供对于这种要领对妇女情况的影响的贵府，并标明这些要领无恼恨性。

8. Women are particularly vulnerable in times of internal or international armed conflicts.

8. 在发生国内或外洋武装冲破时，妇女相配容易受到伤害。

States parties should inform the Committee of all measures taken during these situations to protect women from rape， abduction and other forms of gender-based violence.

缔约国应见告委员会在这些情况技艺为保护妇女免遭强奸、敲诈或基于性别的其他体式的暴力而采用的所有这个词要领。

9. In becoming parties to the Covenant， States undertake， in accordance with article 3， to ensure the equal right of men and women to the enjoyment of all civil and political rights set forth in the Covenant， and in accordance with article 5， nothing in the Covenant may be interpreted as implying for any State， group or person any right to engage in any activity or perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights provided for in article 3， or at limitations not covered by the Covenant.

9. 成为《条约》的缔约方，缔约国便是凭证第三条承诺保证男女对等享有《条约》所载一切公民职权和政事职权。 凭证第五条，《条约》中任何部分不得解说为隐示任何国度、团体或个东谈主有职权从事于任何旨在碎裂该条章程的任何职权或对它们实行《条约》莫得章程的步骤的行为或步履。

Moreover， there shall be no restriction upon or derogation from the equal enjoyment by women of all fundamental human rights recognized or existing pursuant to law， conventions， regulations or customs， on the pretext that the Covenant does not recognize such rights or that it recognizes them to a lesser extent.

此外，对于妇女对等享受依据法律、老例、条例或民俗而被承认或存在的所有这个词基本东谈主权，不得借口《条约》未予承认或只在较小范围上赐与承认而加以步骤或克减。

10. When reporting on the right to life protected by article 6， States parties should provide data on birth rates and on pregnancy- and childbirth-related deaths of women.

10. 在提交关系受第六条保护的人命权的答复时，缔约国应提供对于建设率和对于妇女与妊娠和生产关系的损失率的数据。

Gender-disaggregated data should be provided on infant mortality rates.

对于婴儿损失率的数据应按性别分列。

States parties should give information on any measures taken by the State to help women prevent unwanted pregnancies， and to ensure that they do not have to undergo life-threatening clandestine abortions.

缔约国应提供贵府，讲明它是否采用任何要领，匡助妇女防止不想要的怀胎和保证她们不消汲取威胁人命的奥妙流产。

States parties should also report on measures to protect women from practices that violate their right to life， such as female infanticide， the burning of widows and dowry killings.

缔约国也应答复为保护妇女免遭人命权受到侵扰的作法的要领，这种作法包括杀害女婴、废弃遗孀和杀害嫁妆不及的新娘。

The Committee also wishes to have information on the particular impact on women of poverty and deprivation that may pose a threat to their lives.

委员会还但愿取得关系有可能威胁妇女人命的清寒和一无所有这个词景象对她们的相配影响的贵府。

11. To assess compliance with article 7 of the Covenant， as well as with article 24， which mandates special protection for children， the Committee needs to be provided information on national laws and practice with regard to domestic and other types of violence against women， including rape.

11. 在评估《条约》第七条以及章程对儿童给予相配保护的第二十四条的恪守情况时，委员会需要取得对于国度法律和民俗的贵府，其中要讲明奈那儿理侵害妇女的家庭和其他类型的暴力问题。

It also needs to know whether the State party gives access to safe abortion to women who have become pregnant as a result of rape.

委员会还需要了解缔约国让因受强奸而怀胎的妇女安全人工流产的情况。

The States parties should also provide the Committee with information on measures to prevent forced abortion or forced sterilization.

缔约国也应向委员会提供材料，先容奈何防止将就人工流产或将就绝育的要领。

In States parties where the practice of genital mutilation exists information on its extent and on measures to eliminate it should be provided.

存在生殖器残割习俗的缔约国应提供关系这种习俗的进度的贵府和扼杀这种习俗的要领。

The information provided by States parties on all these issues should include measures of protection， including legal remedies， for women whose rights under article 7 have been violated.

缔约国提供的关系所有这个词这些问题的贵府应载有保护其第七条章程的职权遭到侵扰的妇女的要领，包括法律救援要领。

12. Having regard to their obligations under article 8， States parties should inform the Committee of measures taken to eliminate trafficking of women and children， within the country or across borders， and forced prostitution.

12. 对于第八条章程的义务，缔约国应向委员会先容为扼杀国内或跨规模交易妇女和儿童及将就卖淫景象而采用的要领。

They must also provide information on measures taken to protect women and children， including foreign women and children， from slavery， disguised， inter alia， as domestic or other kinds of personal service.

缔约国也必须提供贵府，先容为保护妇女和儿童、包括异邦妇女和儿童不受奴役、不提供变相的主要为家庭或其他体式的个东谈主服务，而采用的要领。

States parties where women and children are recruited， and from which they are taken， and States parties where they are received should provide information on measures， national or international， which have been taken in order to prevent the violation of women’s and children’s rights.

妇女和儿童被招聘和被带走的缔约国和接受他们的缔约国应提供为防止侵扰妇女和儿童职权而采用的国度或外洋要领的贵府。

13. States parties should provide information on any specific regulation of clothing to be worn by women in public.

13. 缔约国应提供关系妇女在全球步地应穿服装的任何具体条例的贵府。

The Committee stresses that such regulations may involve a violation of a number of rights guaranteed by the Covenant， such as: article 26， on non-discrimination; article 7， if corporal punishment is imposed in order to enforce such a regulation; article 9， when failure to comply with the regulation is punished by arrest; article 12， if liberty of movement is subject to such a constraint; article 17， which guarantees all persons the right to privacy without arbitrary or unlawful interference; articles 18 and 19， when women are subjected to clothing requirements that are not in keeping with their religion or their right of self-expression; and， lastly， article 27， when the clothing requirements conflict with the culture to which the woman can lay a claim.

委员会强调，这种条例有可能触犯《条约》保险的多少职权，如：第二十六条，不恼恨；第七条，为强制实行此种条例而实行体罚；第九条，如不恪守该条例即受逮捕责罚；第十二条，迁移解放受到此种条例的步骤；第十七条，保险所有这个词东谈主享有隐讳权，不受大肆或监犯干涉；第十八和第十九条，对妇女的服装要求不适应其宗教或其自我进展权；及终末，第二十七条，服装方面章程与妇女可无情陈述的文化相冲破。

14. With regard to article 9， States parties should provide information on any laws or practices which may deprive women of their liberty on an arbitrary or unequal basis， such as by confinement within the house (see general comment No. 8， paragraph 1).

14. 对于第九条，缔约国应提供贵府，先容有可能大肆或不刚正褫夺妇女解放，如家内软禁的任何法律或作法(见第8号一般性意见，第1段)。

15. As regards articles 7 and 10， States parties must provide all information relevant to ensuring that the rights of persons deprived of their liberty are protected on equal terms for men and women.

15. 对于第七和第十条，缔约国必须提供一切关系贵府，讲明奈何确保被褫夺解放者的职权不分男女均受到对等保护。

In particular， States parties should report on whether men and women are separated in prisons and whether women are guarded only by female guards.

具体而言，缔约国应答复监狱里男女是否分开；妇女是否仅由女狱卒防守。

States parties should also report about compliance with the rule that accused juvenile females shall be separated from adults and on any difference in treatment between male and female persons deprived of liberty， such as access to rehabilitation and education programmes and to conjugal and family visits.

缔约国也应答复关系恪守受指控的女青少年与成东谈主分开的法令、对于被褫夺解放的男女之间在待遇上的任何差异，如取得改造和教悔决策和佳偶和家东谈主造访的契机等方面的情况。

Pregnant women who are deprived of their liberty should receive humane treatment and respect for their inherent dignity at all times， and in particular during the birth and while caring for their newborn children; States parties should report on facilities to ensure this and on medical and health care for such mothers and their babies.

被褫夺解放的妊妇应在职何技艺相配是在妊娠和照顾腾达婴儿技艺受到东谈主谈待遇和对她们的固有尊容的尊重；缔约国应就确保这一切的设施和对于对这种母亲过甚婴儿的医疗和保健问题提交答复。

16. As regards article 12， States parties should provide information on any legal provision or any practice which restricts women’s right to freedom of movement， for example the exercise of marital powers over the wife or of parental powers over adult daughters; legal or de facto requirements which prevent women from travelling， such as the requirement of consent of a third party to the issuance of a passport or other type of travel documents to an adult woman.

16. 对于第十二条，缔约国应提供关系下列方面的贵府，步骤妇女行动解放的任何法律章程或任何习俗，如对浑家哄骗夫权或对成年男儿哄骗父母职权；绝交妇女旅行的法律或事实要求，如给成年妇女发护照或其他类型的旅行文献需经第三方本旨的要求。

States parties should also report on measures taken to eliminate such laws and practices and to protect women against them， including reference to available domestic remedies (see general comment No. 27， paragraphs 6 and 18).

缔约国也应答复为撤消此种法律和习俗和保护妇女免遭其害而采用的要领，包括提到现存国内救援要领(见第27号一般性意见，第6和第18段)。

17. States parties should ensure that alien women are accorded on an equal basis the right to submit arguments against their expulsion and to have their case reviewed， as provided in article 13.

17. 缔约国应保证异邦妇女在对等基础上享有第十三条章程的无情反对被驱散的事理和使其案件得到复审的职权。

In this regard， they should be entitled to submit arguments based on gender-specific violations of the Covenant such as those mentioned in paragraphs 10 and 11 above.

在这方面，他们有权如以上第10和第11段所述无情针对与性别关系的触犯《条约》步履的论据。

18. States parties should provide information to enable the Committee to ascertain whether access to justice and the right to a fair trial， provided for in article 14， are enjoyed by women on equal terms with men.

18. 缔约国应提供贵府，使委员会能详情妇女是否能在与须眉对等的基础上享有第十四条章程的得到公正和刚正审判的职权。

In particular， States parties should inform the Committee whether there are legal provisions preventing women from direct and autonomous access to the courts (see communication No. 202/1986， Ato del Avellanal v. Peru， Views of 28 October 1988); whether women may give evidence as witnesses on the same terms as men; and whether measures are taken to ensure women equal access to legal aid， in particular in family matters.

具体而言缔约国应见告委员会是否有抑遏妇女平直和自动投诉法院的法律章程(见第202/1986号来文，Ato del Avellanal诉秘鲁，1988年10月28日的意见)；妇女是否与须眉一样可作为证东谈主作证；以及是否采用要领保证妇女对等取得法律赞助，相配是在家庭问题方面。

States parties should report on whether certain categories of women are denied the enjoyment of the presumption of innocence under article 14， paragraph 2， and on the measures which have been taken to put an end to this situation.

缔约国应答复某些类型的妇女是否被褫夺了享受第十四条第2款章程的无罪推定的职权和为竣工这种情况采用的要领。

19. The right of everyone under article 16 to be recognized everywhere as a person before the law is particularly pertinent for women， who often see it curtailed by reason of sex or marital status.

19. 对于东谈主东谈主在职何场所有权被承认在法律前的东谈主格的第十六条与妇女相配关系，因为妇女的这项职权频频因性别和婚配情状而受到步骤。

This right implies that the capacity of women to own property， to enter into a contract or to exercise other civil rights may not be restricted on the basis of marital status or any other discriminatory ground.

这项职权意味着妇女领有财产、缔都集同或哄骗其他公民权的才略不应受到基于婚配情状或任何其他恼恨事理的步骤。

It also implies that women may not be treated as objects to be given， together with the property of the deceased husband， to his family.

它还意味着妇女不得被行为物品与其已故丈夫的财产一齐送交他的家庭。

States must provide information on laws or practices that prevent women from being treated or from functioning as full legal persons and the measures taken to eradicate laws or practices that allow such treatment.

缔约国必须提供贵府，叙述绝交妇女被作为无缺法东谈主或作为无缺法东谈主哄骗职能的法律或习俗和为撤消允许这种待遇的法律或习俗而采用的要领。

20. States parties must provide information to enable the Committee to assess the effect of any laws and practices that may interfere with women’s right to enjoy privacy and other rights protected by article 17 on the basis of equality with men.

20. 缔约国必须提供贵府，使委员会能评估有可聪颖涉妇女在与须眉对等的基础上享受隐讳权和第十七条保护的其他职权的任何法律和习俗的影响。

An example of such interference arises where the sexual life of a woman is taken into consideration in deciding the extent of her legal rights and protections， including protection against rape.

产生这种干涉的事例是在决定妇女的法律职权和保护进度时，包括免遭强奸的保护，辩论妇女的性生计。

Another area where States may fail to respect women’s privacy relates to their reproductive functions， for example， where there is a requirement for the husband’s authorization to make a decision in regard to sterilization; where general requirements are imposed for the sterilization of women， such as having a certain number of children or being of a certain age， or where States impose a legal duty upon doctors and other health personnel to report cases of women who have undergone abortion.

缔约国可能莫得尊重妇女隐讳的另一鸿沟触及到她们的再生养功能，举例对于绝育的决定需要丈夫本旨；对妇女绝育实行一般的要求，如有一定数计议妇女或达到一定年齿；或国度对医师和其他保健东谈主员章程法律义务，答复进行人工流产的妇女的情况。

In these instances， other rights in the Covenant， such as those of articles 6 and 7， might also be at stake.

在这些情况中，《条约》章程的其他职权如第六和第七条的职权也可能受到威胁。

Women’s privacy may also be interfered with by private actors， such as employers who request a pregnancy test before hiring a woman.

妇女的隐讳也可能受到私东谈主步履者的干涉，如老板在雇用妇女前要求妊娠化验。

States parties should report on any laws and public or private actions that interfere with the equal enjoyment by women of the rights under article 17， and on the measures taken to eliminate such interference and to afford women protection from any such interference.

缔约国应无情答复，讲明干涉妇女对等享受第十七条章程的职权的任何法律和全球或私东谈主步履和为扼杀这种干涉和保护妇女不受任何此类干涉采用的要领。

21. States parties must take measures to ensure that freedom of thought， conscience and religion， and the freedom to adopt the religion or belief of one’s choice - including the freedom to change religion or belief and to express one’s religion or belief - will be guaranteed and protected in law and in practice for both men and women， on the same terms and without discrimination.

21. 缔约国必须采用要领，保证法律和民俗保险和保护男女以相似条款和不受恼恨地享受想想、良心和宗教解放和弃取宗教或信仰的解放――包括编削宗教或信仰和标明宗教或信仰的解放。

These freedoms， protected by article 18， must not be subject to restrictions other than those authorized by the Covenant and must not be constrained by， inter alia， rules requiring permission from third parties， or by interference from fathers， husbands， brothers or others.

受第十八条保护的这些解放不得受除《条约》本旨的步骤除外的任何步骤；不得受到除其他外要求第三方允许的法令或来自父亲、丈夫、昆玉或其他东谈骨干涉的制约。

Article 18 may not be relied upon to justify discrimination against women by reference to freedom of thought， conscience and religion; States parties should therefore provide information on the status of women as regards their freedom of thought， conscience and religion， and indicate what steps they have taken or intend to take both to eliminate and prevent infringements of these freedoms in respect of women and to protect their right not to be discriminated against.

不得以想想、良心和宗教解放为由将第十八条用作恼恨妇女的借口；因此缔约国应提供关系妇女在想想、良心和宗教解放方面的情状的贵府，并讲明已采用或野心采用何种要领，扼杀和制止对妇女的这些解放的侵害和保护她们不受恼恨的职权。

22. In relation to article 19， States parties should inform the Committee of any laws or other factors which may impede women from exercising the rights protected under this provision on an equal basis.

22. 对于第十九条，缔约国应见告委员会有可能抑遏妇女在对等基础上哄骗受这项章程保护的职权的任何法律或其他身分。

As the publication and dissemination of obscene and pornographic material which portrays women and girls as objects of violence or degrading or inhuman treatment is likely to promote these kinds of treatment of women and girls， States parties should provide information about legal measures to restrict the publication or dissemination of such material.

对于将妇女和女子刻画为暴力或有辱东谈主格或不东谈主谈待遇的对象的淫秽和色情材料的出书和传播有可能挑动对妇女和女子实行这些种类的待遇的问题，缔约国应提供对于步骤出书或传播这种材料的法律要领的贵府。

23. States are required to treat men and women equally in regard to marriage in accordance with article 23， which has been elaborated further by general comment No. 19 (1990).

23. 第二十三条章程缔约国在婚配方面作念到男女待遇对等。 第19号一般性意见进一步讲述了该条。

Men and women have the right to enter into marriage only with their free and full consent， and States have an obligation to protect the enjoyment of this right on an equal basis.

唯有经男女两边解放和齐全的本旨，能力缔婚。 缔约国有义务保护这项职权在对等基础的享受。

Many factors may prevent women from being able to make the decision to marry freely.

有许多身分可能抑遏妇女作出解放缔婚的决定。

One factor relates to the minimum age for marriage.

一个身分触及到婚配最低年齿。

That age should be set by the State on the basis of equal criteria for men and women.

这一年齿应由缔约国在对男女适用的对等圭臬的基础上详情。

These criteria should ensure women’s capacity to make an informed and uncoerced decision.

这些圭臬应保证妇女有才略作出知情和不受威迫的决定。

A second factor in some States may be that either by statutory or customary law a guardian， who is generally male， consents to the marriage instead of the woman herself， thereby preventing women from exercising a free choice.

在有些国度的第二个身分可能是成文法和民俗法章程，缔婚与否得经监护东谈主，时常为男性，而不是妇女我方本旨，从而抑遏妇女哄骗解放弃取权。

24. Another factor that may affect women’s right to marry only when they have given free and full consent is the existence of social attitudes which tend to marginalize women victims of rape and put pressure on them to agree to marriage.

24. 可能影响妇女哄骗唯有经解放和齐全的本旨能力缔婚的职权的另孤单分是社会派头，这种派头频频扼杀遭强奸的妇女受害者，对她们施加压力，要她们本旨成婚。

A woman’s free and full consent to marriage may also be undermined by laws which allow the rapist to have his criminal responsibility extinguished or mitigated if he marries the victim.

有些法律章程，只消强奸犯与受害者成婚，其处分就可能取消或收缩，这种法律也损及妇女唯有解放和齐全本旨才可缔婚的职权。

States parties should indicate whether marrying the victim extinguishes or mitigates criminal responsibility and， in the case in which the victim is a minor， whether the rape reduces the marriageable age of the victim， particularly in societies where rape victims have to endure marginalization from society.

缔约国应该讲明与受害者成婚是否取消或收缩处分；在受害者为未成年东谈主的情况中，强奸是否镌汰受害者的成婚年齿，相配是就强奸受害者必须承受社会扼杀的社会而言。

A different aspect of the right to marry may be affected when States impose restrictions on remarriage by women that are not imposed on men.

若是缔约国只对妇女再婚实行步骤而对须眉再婚却子虚行步骤，这会影响到缔婚职权的另一个方面。

Also， the right to choose one’s spouse may be restricted by laws or practices that prevent the marriage of a woman of a particular religion to a man who professes no religion or a different religion.

此外，绝交信奉某一特定宗教的妇女与不信教或信奉一不同宗教的须眉通婚的法律或习俗会步骤弃取妃耦的职权。

States should provide information on these laws and practices and on the measures taken to abolish the laws and eradicate the practices which undermine the right of women to marry only when they have given free and full consent.

缔约国应提供贵府，讲明这些法律和习俗和为撤消碎裂妇女哄骗唯有经解放和齐全本旨能力缔婚的职权的法律和习俗采用的要领。

It should also be noted that equality of treatment with regard to the right to marry implies that polygamy is incompatible with this principle.

缔约国也应该正经到关系缔婚权的对恭候遇意味着一夫多妻制与这一对等原则相违反。

Polygamy violates the dignity of women.

一夫多妻制损伤妇女的尊容。

It is an inadmissible discrimination against women.

它是一种令东谈主不成接受的对妇女的恼恨。

Consequently， it should be definitely abolished wherever it continues to exist.

因此，只消它延续存在，就应明确撤消。

25. To fulfil their obligations under article 23， paragraph 4， States parties must ensure that the matrimonial regime contains equal rights and obligations for both spouses with regard to the custody and care of children， the children’s religious and moral education， the capacity to transmit to children the parent’s nationality， and the ownership or administration of property， whether common property or property in the sole ownership of either spouse.

25. 为了履行第二十三条第四款章程的义务，缔约国必须保证婚配轨制在关系监护和关注儿童、儿童的宗教停战德教悔、儿童剿袭父母国籍的才略和财产，无论是共同财产如故仅由妃耦一方领有的财产的所有这个词权或责罚等方面为妃耦两边章程对等的职权和义务。

States parties should review their legislation to ensure that married women have equal rights in regard to the ownership and administration of such property， where necessary.

缔约国应审查其立法，保证已婚妇女必要时在领有和责罚这种财产方面享有对等职权。

Also， States parties should ensure that no sex-based discrimination occurs in respect of the acquisition or loss of nationality by reason of marriage， of residence rights， and of the right of each spouse to retain the use of his or her original family name or to participate on an equal basis in the choice of a new family name.

此外，缔约国应保证因缔婚而获取或丧失国籍、居住权和每一妃耦保留使用他或她的原姓氏或对等参与弃取新姓氏的职权方面不发生基于性别的恼恨。

Equality during marriage implies that husband and wife should participate equally in responsibility and authority within the family.

缔婚技艺的对等意味着丈夫和浑家在家庭内拖累和泰斗对等。

26. States parties must also ensure equality in regard to the dissolution of marriage， which excludes the possibility of repudiation.

26. 缔约国也必须保证灭亡婚约方面的对等，不允许有拒却的可能。

The grounds for divorce and annulment should be the same for men and women， as well as decisions with regard to property distribution， alimony and the custody of children.

仳离息争除婚约的事理以及关系财产分派、扶养费和儿童监护等方面的裁决对男女应一视同仁。

Determination of the need to maintain contact between children and the non-custodial parent should be based on equal considerations.

子女与非监护父母之间保留关系的需要应依据对等辩论身分来详情。

Women should also have equal inheritance rights to those of men when the dissolution of marriage is caused by the death of one of the spouses.

若是婚约的灭亡系一方妃耦损失酿成，妇女也应享有与须眉对等的剿袭权。

27. In giving effect to recognition of the family in the context of article 23， it is important to accept the concept of the various forms of family， including unmarried couples and their children and single parents and their children， and to ensure the equal treatment of women in these contexts (see general comment No. 19， paragraph 2).

27. 在承认第二十三条所指的家庭时，必须接受各式体式的家庭见解，包括光棍夫人过甚子女和单亲过甚子女的家庭，和保证在这些情形中对等对待妇女(见一般性意见19， 第2段)。

Single-parent families frequently consist of a single woman caring for one or more children， and States parties should describe what measures of support are in place to enable her to discharge her parental functions on the basis of equality with a man in a similar position.

单亲家庭频频由一个照拂一个或多个儿童的妇女构成；缔约国应讲明有何种资助要领使她能在与处于雷同情况的须眉对等的基础上哄骗其父母职能。

28. The obligation of States parties to protect children (art. 24) should be carried out equally for boys and girls.

28. 缔约国保护儿童的义务(第二十四条)应该在对男童和女童对等的基础上履行。

States parties should report on measures taken to ensure that girls are treated equally to boys in education， in feeding and in health care， and provide the Committee with disaggregated data in this respect.

缔约国应答复为保证女童在教悔、饮食和保健方面与男童受到对恭候遇而采用的要领并向委员会分类提供这方面的数据。

States parties should eradicate， both through legislation and any other appropriate measures， all cultural or religious practices which jeopardize the freedom and well-being of female children.

缔约国应通过立法和任何其他恰当要领撤消有损女童解放和福利的一切文化或宗教习俗。

29. The right to participate in the conduct of public affairs is not fully implemented everywhere on an equal basis.

29. 参与全球事务的职权并莫得在各地在对等基础上得到充分实行。

States parties must ensure that the law guarantees to women the rights contained in article 25 on equal terms with men and take effective and positive measures to promote and ensure women’s participation in the conduct of public affairs and in public office， including appropriate affirmative action.

缔约国必须保证法律保险妇女在与须眉对等的基础上享有第二十五条章程的职权并采用有用和积极要领包括治服行动，促进和保证妇女参与全球事务和担任公职。

Effective measures taken by States parties to ensure that all persons entitled to vote are able to exercise that right should not be discriminatory on the grounds of sex.

缔约国为保证享有投票权的所有这个词东谈主能哄骗这项职权而采用的有用要领不应该有以性别为事理的恼恨。

The Committee requires States parties to provide statistical information on the percentage of women in publicly elected office， including the legislature， as well as in high-ranking civil service positions and the judiciary.

委员会要求缔约国提供统计贵府，讲明妇女在全球选举的职务，包括立法以及高档公事员职务和立法中的百分比。

30. Discrimination against women is often intertwined with discrimination on other grounds such as race， colour， language， religion， political or other opinion， national or social origin， property， birth or other status.

30. 对妇女的恼恨频频与基于诸如种族、肤色、言语、宗教、政事或其他观点、国籍或社会出身、财产、建设或其他地位等事理的恼恨纠缠在一齐。

States parties should address the ways in which any instances of discrimination on other grounds affect women in a particular way， and include information on the measures taken to counter these effects.

缔约国应该叙述基于其他事理的任何恼恨在哪些方面以特定方法影响到妇女并提供为扼杀这些影响采用的要领的贵府。

31. The right to equality before the law and freedom from discrimination， protected by article 26， requires States to act against discrimination by public and private agencies in all fields.

31. 受第二十六条保护的所有这个词东谈主在法律眼前对等和不受恼恨的解放要求缔约国采用行动，打击一切鸿沟的全球和私东谈主机构的恼恨步履。

Discrimination against women in areas such as social security laws (communications Nos. 172/84， Broeks v. Netherlands， Views of 9 April 1987; 182/84， Zwaan de Vries v. the Netherlands， Views of 9 April 1987; 218/1986， Vos v. the Netherlands， Views of 29 March 1989) as well as in the area of citizenship or rights of non-citizens in a country (communication No. 035/1978， Aumeeruddy-Cziffra et al. v. Mauritius， Views adopted 9 April 1981) violates article 26.

在诸如社会保险法律的鸿沟(第172/84号来文，《Broeks诉荷兰》，1987年4月9日的意见；第182/84号来文，《Zwaan de Vries诉荷兰》，1987年4月9日的意见；第218/1986号来文，《Vos诉荷兰》，1989年3月29日的意见)以及在一个国度的公民经验或非公民职权等鸿沟(第035/1978号来文，《Aumeeruddy-Cziffra过甚他东谈主诉毛里求斯》，1981年4月9日通过的意见)对妇女的恼恨有违第二十六条。

The commission of so-called “honour crimes” which remain unpunished constitutes a serious violation of the Covenant and in particular of articles 6， 14 and 26.

仍不受责罚的所谓“为调整荣誉而犯法”是对《条约》，相配是第六、第十四和第二十六条的严重违反。

Laws which impose more severe penalties on women than on men for adultery or other offences also violate the requirement of equal treatment.

在通奸或其他罪孽方靠近妇女比对须眉实行更严厉处罚的法律也违反对恭候遇的要求。

The Committee has also often observed in reviewing States parties’ reports that a large proportion of women are employed in areas which are not protected by labour laws and that prevailing customs and traditions discriminate against women， particularly with regard to access to better paid employment and to equal pay for work of equal value.

在审查缔约国的答复时，委员会也时常正经到大量妇女受雇于下列鸿沟：得不到劳工法的保护；现行民俗和传统恼恨妇女，相配是在取得较好薪水待遇的服务和同工同酬方面。

States parties should review their legislation and practices and take the lead in implementing all measures necessary to eliminate discrimination against women in all fields， for example by prohibiting discrimination by private actors in areas such as employment， education， political activities and the provision of accommodation， goods and services.

缔约国应审查这些立法和作法，并带头实行一切必要要领，扼杀在一切鸿沟对妇女的恼恨，举例拦阻私东谈主步履者在服务、教悔、政事行为和提供住宿、货品和服务等鸿沟实行恼恨。

States parties should report on all these measures and provide information on the remedies available to victims of such discrimination.

缔约国应答复所有这个词这些要领并提供对于这种恼恨的受害者现存何种救援要领的贵府。

32. The rights which persons belonging to minorities enjoy under article 27 of the Covenant in respect of their language， culture and religion do not authorize any State， group or person to violate the right to the equal enjoyment by women of any Covenant rights， including the right to equal protection of the law.

32. 属于少数群体的东谈主凭证《条约》第二十七条在其言语、文化和宗教方面享有的职权并不授权任何国度、群体或东谈主违反妇女对等享受《条约》任何职权的职权，包括受法律对等保护的职权。

States should report on any legislation or administrative practices related to membership in a minority community that might constitute an infringement of the equal rights of women under the Covenant (communication No. 24/1977， Lovelace v. Canada， Views adopted July 1981) and on measures taken or envisaged to ensure the equal right of men and women to enjoy all civil and political rights in the Covenant.

缔约国应无情答复，先容与少数东谈主群体的成员经验关系，可能触犯《条约》章程的妇女对等职权的任何立法或行政作法(第24/1977号来文，《Lovelace诉加拿大》，1981年7月通过的意见)和为保证男女对等享有《条约》的所有这个词公民职权和政事职权已采用或设计采用的要领。

Likewise， States should report on measures taken to discharge their responsibilities in relation to cultural or religious practices within minority communities that affect the rights of women.

相似，缔约国应无情答复，先容为履行与少数东谈主社区内影响妇女职权的文化或宗教习俗关系的作事采用的要领。

In their reports， States parties should pay attention to the contribution made by women to the cultural life of their communities.

缔约国在答复中应怜爱妇女对其社区的文化生计作出的孝顺。

Note

注

{§1} Adopted by the Committee at its 1834th meeting (sixty-eighth session)， on 29 March 2000.

{§1} 委员会在2000年3月29日第1834次会议(第六十八届会议)上通过。

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